Definition

A fracture caused by cumulative stress from repetitive compressive forces. This is a serious injury in runners that most often affects the major weight bearing bones in the legs, including the shin (tibia), heel (calcaneus), and forefoot (metatarsals). During intense and long runs, the muscles will fatigue and this can lead to increased forces and an overload of stress absorbed by the bones in the lower leg.

Symptoms

Localized lingering pain with activity that usually subsides with rest.

Causes

Stress fractures are a result of repetitive stress forces that summate and cause a tiny fracture. Increasing mileage and intensity too quickly can increase your risk of sustaining a stress fracture. Wearing inadequate footwear or shoes that have gone well beyond their recommended mileage can increase abnormal stresses at the bones in your legs. Not providing our body with adequate rest between runs may lead to over training and stress fractures. Females have been more susceptible to stress fractures due to what is known as "the female athlete triad:" eating disorders, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. These three issues have a negative impact on bone density, increasing the incidence of stress fractures.

Prevention/Treatment

The common theme with preventing most of these injuries will continue, "slow-but-sure" progression of intensity and duration of runs. A gradual increase in mileage and speed and adequate rest between runs will greatly reduce your risk of stress fractures. Seek out the knowledge of experts in the running shoe stores. They will provide you with specific shoes to fit your unique foot and ankle. Keep track of your mileage. When your shoes are ready to become your "yard work" shoes, avoid running in them. It is important to seek the assistance of a nutritionist if you struggle with your weight. It is vital to provide yourself with adequate nutrition for optimal performance and to avoid stress fractures and other serious health issues.

Note: If you suspect a stress fracture, it is important to get in and see your orthopedist. The use of X-rays and possible CT scans will help rule out a stress fracture. Many people make the mistake of running through the pain thinking it is a bad case of shin splints or plantar fasciitis. If diagnosed you must rest between six and twelve weeks. Swimming is a great way to stay in shape while recovering from a stress fracture.